Environmental Sciences

INTRODUCTION Cyanide is a chemical compound possessing highly toxic potential. It is present in three spheres that are atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water) and in lithosphere (soil). Cyanide is a unique chemical compound used to manufacture hundreds of everyday goods, and chances are that today you will use many products that included cyanide in its manufacture. These products may include vitamins (B12), jewellery, adhesives, computer electronics, fire retardants, airplane brakes, cosmetics, dyes, nylon, nail polish remover, paints, pharmaceuticals, Plexiglas, rocket propellant, and table salt. The manufacturing of these products takes place every day around the world with little knowledge from the general public that cyanide is a critical ingredient in their manufacture. Indeed, without cyanide it would not be possible to manufacture such widely used items as nylon and many vitamins and other medications. Products made by using Cyanide  Cyanide is a relatively toxic

It is a   bio accumulative   environmental   toxicant. Methyl-mercury  is formed from inorganic mercury by the act of   anaerobic organisms   that live in aquatic systems comprising of lakes, rivers, wetlands, sediments, soils and the open   ocean.   This methylation procedure transforms inorganic mercury to methyl-mercury  in the natural environment.  Methyl-mercury  is formed in aquatic systems and because it is not voluntarily eliminated from organisms it is   bio-magnified   in aquatic   food chains   from   bacteria, to   plankton, through macro invertebrates, to   herbivorous   fish and to piscivorous fish.   At apiece step in the food chain, the concentration   of methyl-mercury  in the organism upturns.  The concentration of methyl-mercury  in the topmost level aquatic   predators   can touch a level a million times developed than the level in the water. This is because methyl-mercury  has a half-life of about 72 days in aquatic organisms’ follow-on i

Welding is a prefabrication or forge technique that joins materials, generally metals or thermoplastics, by causing amalgamation, which is unlike the lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not liquefy the base metal. Many of the epidemiology studies accomplished are challenging to compare because of variances in worker populations, industrial locales, welding techniques, spell of exposure, and additional occupational exposures besides welding fumes. Some studies were piloted in carefully controlled work environments, others during actual workplace conditions, and some in laboratories. Epidemiological studies have shown that a hefty number of welders experience some type of respiratory illness. Respiratory effects seen in full-time welders have included bronchitis, airway irritation, lung function changes, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer.  Pulmonary infections are increased in terms of severity,

What is Fog? A thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at or near the earth's surface which restricts visibility. What is cloud? A visible mass of condensed water vapors floating in the atmosphere, typically it is high above the general level of the ground. Difference between fog and clouds Clouds can form at many different altitudes. They can be as high as 12 miles above sea level or as low as the ground. Fog is a kind of cloud that touches the ground.  Simple Classification of clouds Heap clouds: These clouds consists of heaps with marked vertical development Layer clouds: Layer clouds form fairly level sheet, often covers wide area Fog Types Pattern of winter fog Fog is considered as serious hazard in Punjab and Sindh particularly during winter. Winter in Pakistan became short and intense under the changing climate. The increasing trend of fog frequencies in the last deca

The term protected area refers to a very wide range of land and water management types that have some value for biodiversity and landscape conservation. Protected areas can be found across different environments from the mountains to sea, across deserts, forests, freshwater lakes etc. A large number of kinds of protected area exist which vary by level of protection and by the enabling laws of each country or rules of international organization. Examples are national parks, protected landscapes/seascapes etc. Designating areas for protection is a basic strategy of biodiversity conservation . The practice and concept of protected areas has evolved over time. Countries around the world have extensive systems of protected areas which vary considerably, depending on national needs and priorities. According to the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) there are over 210,000 protected areas around the world. Why are protected areas important ? Protect